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subject context

  • 1 subject word out of context

    Abbreviation: swoc

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > subject word out of context

  • 2 (=) save the context otherwise requires

    General subject: if the context otherwise requires

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > (=) save the context otherwise requires

  • 3 save the context otherwise requires

    General subject: (=) if the context otherwise requires

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > save the context otherwise requires

  • 4 contexto

    m.
    context.
    * * *
    1 context
    2 figurado environment
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=marco) context
    2) (Téc) web, tangle
    * * *
    masculino context
    * * *
    = context, Display, environment, scenario, setting, situation, milieu, sphere, set and setting, landscape, climate, environ.
    Ex. In this chapter a review of the development of cataloguing codes is given in order to explain and place in context the nature of modern cataloguing codes.
    Ex. This layout gives the lead term in the context of wider terms on the same line (the Qualifier) and narrower terms (the Display) on the second line.
    Ex. This document specifies methods of extending the 7-bit code, remaining in a 7-bit environment or increasing to an 8-bit environment.
    Ex. This article describes a scenario in which the training of junior staff on-the-job is discussed emphasising that the reality in New Zealand libraries falls far short of the ideal.
    Ex. Over 700 CRT terminals are online to Columbus and are used in a variety of ways to improve service in the local library settings.
    Ex. Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.
    Ex. These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    Ex. I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.
    Ex. For me a picture of myself in a dentist's waiting room is a perfect metaphor for set and setting very much in play against the easily obtained pleasures I usually get from reading.
    Ex. During the post-war period international organizations have become a prominent feature of the international landscape.
    Ex. The article 'Keeping your ear to the ground' discusses the skills and knowledge information professionals need to have in today's IT-rich climate.
    Ex. For example, the games themselves can act as a tool to educate social science students how to access and interact with unknown cultures within a safe environ.
    ----
    * ayuda sensible al contexto = context-sensitive help.
    * contexto actual, el = scheme of things, the.
    * contexto cultural = cultural context.
    * contexto económico = economic context.
    * contexto físico = atmospherics.
    * contexto histórico = historical context.
    * contexto político = political context.
    * contextos = sphere of activity, sphere of life.
    * contexto social = social context.
    * contexto sociocultural = sociocultural context.
    * contexto temático = subject context.
    * dependencia del contexto = situatedness.
    * dependiente del contexto = context-dependent.
    * desde el punto de vista del contexto = contextually.
    * encuadrar en un contexto = set in + context.
    * en el contexto de = in the realm of.
    * en este contexto = against this background.
    * en otros contextos = in other connections.
    * establecer el contexto = set + context.
    * índice KWIC (Palabra Clave en su Contexto) = KWIC (Keyword-in-Context).
    * índice KWOC (Palabra Clave fuera de su Contexto) = KWOC (Keyword-Out-of-Context).
    * limitado por el contexto = context-bound.
    * según el contexto = contextually.
    * ser una novedad en el contexto del que se está hablando = be a newcomer to the scene.
    * situar en contexto = place + in context.
    * situar en un contexto = bring into + context.
    * usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.
    * * *
    masculino context
    * * *
    = context, Display, environment, scenario, setting, situation, milieu, sphere, set and setting, landscape, climate, environ.

    Ex: In this chapter a review of the development of cataloguing codes is given in order to explain and place in context the nature of modern cataloguing codes.

    Ex: This layout gives the lead term in the context of wider terms on the same line (the Qualifier) and narrower terms (the Display) on the second line.
    Ex: This document specifies methods of extending the 7-bit code, remaining in a 7-bit environment or increasing to an 8-bit environment.
    Ex: This article describes a scenario in which the training of junior staff on-the-job is discussed emphasising that the reality in New Zealand libraries falls far short of the ideal.
    Ex: Over 700 CRT terminals are online to Columbus and are used in a variety of ways to improve service in the local library settings.
    Ex: Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.
    Ex: These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    Ex: I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.
    Ex: For me a picture of myself in a dentist's waiting room is a perfect metaphor for set and setting very much in play against the easily obtained pleasures I usually get from reading.
    Ex: During the post-war period international organizations have become a prominent feature of the international landscape.
    Ex: The article 'Keeping your ear to the ground' discusses the skills and knowledge information professionals need to have in today's IT-rich climate.
    Ex: For example, the games themselves can act as a tool to educate social science students how to access and interact with unknown cultures within a safe environ.
    * ayuda sensible al contexto = context-sensitive help.
    * contexto actual, el = scheme of things, the.
    * contexto cultural = cultural context.
    * contexto económico = economic context.
    * contexto físico = atmospherics.
    * contexto histórico = historical context.
    * contexto político = political context.
    * contextos = sphere of activity, sphere of life.
    * contexto social = social context.
    * contexto sociocultural = sociocultural context.
    * contexto temático = subject context.
    * dependencia del contexto = situatedness.
    * dependiente del contexto = context-dependent.
    * desde el punto de vista del contexto = contextually.
    * encuadrar en un contexto = set in + context.
    * en el contexto de = in the realm of.
    * en este contexto = against this background.
    * en otros contextos = in other connections.
    * establecer el contexto = set + context.
    * índice KWIC (Palabra Clave en su Contexto) = KWIC (Keyword-in-Context).
    * índice KWOC (Palabra Clave fuera de su Contexto) = KWOC (Keyword-Out-of-Context).
    * limitado por el contexto = context-bound.
    * según el contexto = contextually.
    * ser una novedad en el contexto del que se está hablando = be a newcomer to the scene.
    * situar en contexto = place + in context.
    * situar en un contexto = bring into + context.
    * usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.

    * * *
    1 (en un texto) context
    fuera de contexto out of context
    poner algo en contexto to put sth into context
    2 (marco, coyuntura) context
    * * *

    contexto sustantivo masculino
    context
    contexto sustantivo masculino context
    contexto sustantivo masculino context
    ' contexto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    marco
    - mayoría
    - empezar
    English:
    context
    - must
    - set-up
    * * *
    1. [de texto] context
    2. [circunstancias] context;
    en/fuera de contexto in/out of context
    * * *
    m context;
    fuera de contexto out of context;
    sacar de contexto take out of context
    * * *
    : context
    * * *
    contexto n context

    Spanish-English dictionary > contexto

  • 5 contexto temático

    Ex. These terms are redundant in this particular subject context.
    * * *

    Ex: These terms are redundant in this particular subject context.

    Spanish-English dictionary > contexto temático

  • 6 lana

    f.
    1 wool.
    de lana woolen
    lana de vidrio glass fiber
    2 money, capital, dough.
    m.
    dosh, dough (informal). (Andean Spanish (Bolivia, Chilean Spanish, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), Mexican Spanish)
    * * *
    1 wool
    1 familiar (pelo) long hair sing
    ■ ¡córtate esas lanas! get your hair cut!
    \
    de lana woollen (US woolen)
    cardarle la lana a alguien familiar to tick somebody off, tell somebody off
    ir por lana y salir trasquilado,-a familiar to go for wool and come home shorn
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    I
    SF
    1) [gen] wool; (=vellón) fleece; (=tela) woollen cloth, woolen cloth (EEUU); [para labores] knitting wool

    de lana, hecho de lana — wool antes de s, woollen, woolen (EEUU)

    2) pl lanas * hum long hair sing, locks
    3) And, Méx * (=dinero) money, dough *
    4) And, Méx (=mentira) lie
    5) CAm (=estafador) swindler
    II
    SF CAm = lama I, 2)
    * * *
    1) ( material) wool; (vellón, pelambre) fleece

    una bufanda de lana — a wool o woolen scarf

    2) (AmL fam) ( dinero) dough (sl)
    * * *
    = wool, fleece.
    Ex. In this subject context the concept wool plays the role of Material.
    Ex. Most fleece is carded between two brushes to disentangle and align the fiber.
    ----
    * cardar lana = card + wool.
    * ovillo de lana = ball of wool.
    * paño de lana = woollen [woolen, -USA].
    * productor de lana = wool producer.
    * pura lana = pure wool.
    * pura lana virgen = pure new wool.
    * tejido grueso de lana = duffel [duffle].
    * * *
    1) ( material) wool; (vellón, pelambre) fleece

    una bufanda de lana — a wool o woolen scarf

    2) (AmL fam) ( dinero) dough (sl)
    * * *
    = wool, fleece.

    Ex: In this subject context the concept wool plays the role of Material.

    Ex: Most fleece is carded between two brushes to disentangle and align the fiber.
    * cardar lana = card + wool.
    * ovillo de lana = ball of wool.
    * paño de lana = woollen [woolen, -USA].
    * productor de lana = wool producer.
    * pura lana = pure wool.
    * pura lana virgen = pure new wool.
    * tejido grueso de lana = duffel [duffle].

    * * *
    A (material) wool; (vellón, pelambre) fleece
    lana de alpaca alpaca wool
    una madeja de lana a skein of wool
    usó tres lanas distintas she used three different wools o kinds of wool
    una bufanda de lana a wool o woolen o ( colloq) wooly scarf
    tela de lana woolen cloth, wool
    no son de nylon, son de lana they're not nylon, they're wool
    ir (a) por lana y volver trasquilado to be hoist by one's own petard
    unos cardan la lana y otros cobran la fama some do all the work and others get all the credit
    Compuestos:
    steel wool
    fiberglass*
    ● lana merino or merina
    Botany wool
    new wool
    pura lana virgen pure new wool
    B ( AmL fam) (dinero) dough (sl), cash ( colloq)
    tienen mucha lana they're loaded ( colloq)
    caerse con la lana (para algo) ( Méx fam); to put up the money (for sth)
    * * *

     

    lana sustantivo femenino
    1 ( material) wool;
    (vellón, pelambre) fleece;

    una bufanda de lana a wool o woolen scarf
    2 (AmL fam) ( dinero) dough (sl);

    lana sustantivo femenino wool
    pura lana virgen, pure new wool
    ' lana' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    calceta
    - chaleco
    - dar
    - devanar
    - ser
    - estambre
    - mechón
    - paño
    - prenda
    - tonsurar
    - alpaca
    - apelmazarse
    - cardar
    - catalán
    - cundir
    - desenredar
    - enmarañado
    - enredado
    - enredar
    - esponjoso
    - gordo
    - guante
    - hilar
    - hueco
    - jaspeado
    - madeja
    - mota
    - peinar
    - peludo
    - picar
    - tela
    - terminar
    English:
    ball
    - coat
    - demand
    - fleece
    - scarf
    - shear
    - snarl up
    - tangle
    - wool
    - woolen
    - woollen
    - woolly
    - wooly
    - cash
    - Catalan
    - cough
    - dough
    - loop
    - loot
    - ply
    - steel
    - woolens
    * * *
    lana nf
    1. [de oveja] wool;
    de lana woollen;
    ir a por lana y volver trasquilado to be hoist with one's own petard
    lana mineral rock wool;
    lana de vidrio glass wool;
    lana virgen virgin wool
    2. Andes, Méx Fam [dinero] dough, Br dosh;
    ser de lana to be rolling in it
    * * *
    f
    1wool;
    pura lana virgen pure new wool
    2 Méx pop ( dinero) dough fam
    * * *
    lana nf
    1) : wool
    lana de acero: steel wool
    2) Mex fam : money, dough
    * * *
    lana n wool

    Spanish-English dictionary > lana

  • 7 metalurgia

    f.
    metallurgy.
    * * *
    1 metallurgy
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino metallurgy
    * * *
    Ex. In this case the use of the superordinate term ' metallurgy' as the only qualifier is quite sufficient to indicate the precise subject context.
    ----
    * relativo a la metalurgia = metallurgical.
    * * *
    femenino metallurgy
    * * *

    Ex: In this case the use of the superordinate term ' metallurgy' as the only qualifier is quite sufficient to indicate the precise subject context.

    * relativo a la metalurgia = metallurgical.

    * * *
    metallurgy
    * * *

    metalurgia sustantivo femenino
    metallurgy
    metalurgia sustantivo femenino metallurgy
    ' metalurgia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escoria
    English:
    metallurgy
    * * *
    metallurgy
    * * *
    f metallurgy
    * * *
    : metallurgy

    Spanish-English dictionary > metalurgia

  • 8 контекстный

    1) General subject: context
    3) Information technology: context-dependent, contextual

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > контекстный

  • 9 контекст

    1) General subject: context, contexture
    2) Engineering: envelope
    3) Psychology: connection
    4) Information technology: environment, scope
    5) Aviation medicine: matrix
    6) SAP.tech. version context

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > контекст

  • 10 переключение контекста (в многозадачных ОС)

    General subject: context switching (процесс переключения процессора на другую задачу (процесс, поток) (например, при обработке прерывания), обычно сопровождающийся операциями сохранения в стеке состояния текущего потока (ре)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > переключение контекста (в многозадачных ОС)

  • 11 сопутствующие факторы

    General subject: context

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сопутствующие факторы

  • 12 información sobre el contenido

    Ex. The exploration aims to view table of contents terminology in the context of functions served by other representations of subject information, including Library of Congress subject headings, work title terminology, and author-contributed front matter.
    * * *

    Ex: The exploration aims to view table of contents terminology in the context of functions served by other representations of subject information, including Library of Congress subject headings, work title terminology, and author-contributed front matter.

    Spanish-English dictionary > información sobre el contenido

  • 13 Bakewell, Robert

    [br]
    b. 23 May 1725 Loughborough, England
    d. 1 October 1795 Loughborough, England
    [br]
    English livestock breeder who pioneered the practice of progeny testing for selecting breeding stock; he is particularly associated with the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep.
    [br]
    Robert Bakewell was the son of the tenant farming the 500-acre (200 hectare) Dishley Grange Farm, near Loughborough, where he was born. The family was sufficiently wealthy to allow Robert to travel, which he began to do at an early age, exploring the farming methods of the West Country, Norfolk, Ireland and Holland. On taking over the farm he continued the development of the irrigation scheme begun by his father. Arthur Young visited the farm during his tour of east England in 1771. At that time it consisted of 440 acres (178 hectares), 110 acres (45 hectares) of which were arable, and carried a stock of 60 horses, 400 sheep and 150 other assorted beasts. Of the arable land, 30 acres (12 hectares) were under root crops, mainly turnips.
    Bakewell was not the first to pioneer selective breeding, but he was the first successfully to apply selection to both the efficiency with which an animal utilized its food, and its physical appearance. He always had a clear idea of the animal he wanted, travelled extensively to collect a range of animals possessing the characteristics he sought, and then bred from these towards his goal. He was aware of the dangers of inbreeding, but would often use it to gain the qualities he wanted. His early experiments were with Longhorn cattle, which he developed as a meat rather than a draught animal, but his most famous achievement was the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep. He set out to produce an animal that would put on the most meat in the least time and with the least feeding. As his base he chose the Old Leicester, but there is still doubt as to which other breeds he may have introduced to produce the desired results. The Improved Leicester was smaller than its ancestor, with poorer wool quality but with greatly improved meat-production capacity.
    Bakewell let out his sires to other farms and was therefore able to study their development under differing conditions. However, he made stringent rules for those who hired these animals, requiring the exclusive use of his rams on the farms concerned and requiring particular dietary conditions to be met. To achieve this control he established the Dishley Society in 1783. Although his policies led to accusations of closed access to his stock, they enabled him to keep a close control of all offspring. He thereby pioneered the process now recognized as "progeny testing".
    Bakewell's fame and that of his farm spread throughout the country and overseas. He engaged in an extensive correspondence and acted as host to all of influence in British and overseas agriculture, but it would appear that he was an over-generous host, since he is known to have been in financial difficulties in about 1789. He was saved from bankruptcy by a public subscription raised to allow him to continue with his breeding experiments; this experience may well have been the reason why he was such a staunch advocate of State funding of agricultural research.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    William Houseman, 1894, biography, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. 1–31. H.C.Parsons, 1957, Robert Bakewell (contains a more detailed account).
    R.Trow Smith, 1957, A History of British Livestock Husbandry to 1700, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    —A History of British Livestock Husbandry 1700 to 1900 (places Bakewell within the context of overall developments).
    M.L.Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a scientifically detailed account which deals with Bakewell within the context of its particular subject).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Bakewell, Robert

  • 14 Dockwra, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    d. 1716
    [br]
    English merchant; manufacturer of copper, brass, wire and pins.
    [br]
    William Dockwra established a penny postal system in London in 1683. He was appointed Comptroller of the Penny Post in 1697, but following enquiries into his activities he was dismissed on charges of maladministration. In the early 1690s he was heading a partnership with premises at Esher, formerly the brassworks of Jacob Momma. Brass was made there and both brass and copper sheet was manufactured by water-powered rolling mills, at a time when such techniques were new to England. Wire was drawn and used for pinmaking on the premises, making this the first comprehensive works of its kind. Dockwra was involved in a further partnership based at Redbrook on the Wye in Gloucestershire, where copper was smelted by John Coster using new coal-fired reverberatory furnaces. It was from there that the Esher works received its copper for brassmaking and other manufacturing processes. Following his dismissal as Comptroller of the Penny Post, Dockwra's fortunes declined. By the early years of the eighteenth century he had withdrawn from his involvement in manufacturing, no longer being included in either of his former partnerships, although their work continued.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Day, 1973, Bristol Brass: A History of the Industry (puts Dockwra's manufacturing activities in context).
    J.Houghton, 1697, Husbandry and Trade Improv'd (a contemporary account of Dockwra's industrial activities).
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Dockwra, William

  • 15 Dörell, Georg Ludwig Wilhelm

    [br]
    b. 17 December 1793 Clausthal, Harz, Germany
    d. 30 October 1854 Zellerfeld, Harz, Germany
    [br]
    German mining engineer who introduced the miner's elevator into the Harz Mountains.
    [br]
    After studying at the Freiberg Mining Academy he returned to his home region to serve in the mining administration, first at Clausthal. In 1848 he became an inspector of mines in Zellerfeld. He had become aware that in the early nineteenth century, when 500 m (1,640 ft) shafts were no longer unusual, devices other than ladders were needed for access to mines. Dörell found out that miners, in terms of physical strength, had to consume almost one-third more of their energy to climb up the shaft than they had to spend at work during the shift in the mine. Accordingly, in 1833 he constructed the miner's elevator. Two timbered bars, similar to those used for pumps, were installed in the shaft and were driven by water-wheel and moved in opposite directions. They were placed at such a distance from each other that the miners could easily step from one to the other in order to go up or down the shaft as desired.
    Dörell's elevators worked with great success and their use soon became widespread among Central European mining districts. Their use is particularly associated with Cornish tin-mines, where several such elevators operated over considerable distances.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1837, "Über die seit dem Jahre 1833 beim Oberharzischen Bergbau angewendeten Fahrmaschinen", Die Bergwerks-Verwaltung des Hannoverschen Ober-Harzes in den Jahren 1831–1836, ed. W.A.J.Albert, Berlin, pp. 199–214.
    Further Reading
    C.Bartels, 1992, Vom frühneuzeitlichen Montangewerbe zur Bergbauindustrie. Erzbergbau im Oberharz 1635–1880, Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, esp. pp. 382–411 (elaborates upon the context of contemporary technological innovations in Harz ore mining).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Dörell, Georg Ludwig Wilhelm

  • 16 Ebener, Erasmus

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 21 December 1511 Nuremberg, Germany
    d. 24 November 1577 Helmstedt, Germany
    [br]
    German mining entrepreneur who introduced a new method ofbrassmaking.
    [br]
    A descendant of Nuremberg nobility, Ebener became recognized as a statesman in his native city and was employed also by foreign dignitaries. His appointment as Privy Councillor to the Dukes of Brunswick involved him in mining and metallurgical affairs at the great Rammelsberg mixed-ore mine at Goslar in the Harz mountains. About 1550, at Rammelsberg, Ebener is believed to have made brass by incorporating accretions of zinc formed in crevices of local lead-smelting furnaces. This small-scale production of impure zinc, formerly discarded as waste, could be used to replace calamine, the carbonate ore of zinc, which by tradition had been combined with copper in European brassmaking. Ercker, writing in 1574, mentions the accretions at Goslar obtained by removing furnace sections to make this material available for brass. The true nature of the zinc ore, calamine, and zinc metal compared with these accretions was determined only much later, but variation in quality with respect to impurities made the material most suitable for cast brassware rather than beaten goods. As quantities were small and much valued, distribution from Goslar was limited, not normally reaching Britain, where production of brasses continued to rely on calamine or expensive zinc imports from the East. Rammelsberg profited from the waste material accumulating over the years and its use at Bundheim brassworks east of Goslar. Ebener partnered Duke Henry the Younger of Brunswick in financing a new drainage adit at Rammelsberg, and was later granted several iron mines and smelting works. From 1556 he was granted rights to market calamine from the Lower Harz and copper sulphate from Rammelsberg. Ebener later had an important role at the court of Duke Julius, son of Henry, advising him on the founding of Helmstedt University.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1572, "Sundry expositions on mines, metals and other useful things found in the Harz and especially at the Rammelsberg", reproduced and annotated by F.J.F.Meyer and J.F.L.Hausmann, 1805 Hercynian Archive.
    Further Reading
    Beckmann, 1846, History of Inventions, Vol. II, trans. William Johnston, London (the most concise account).
    W.Bornhardt, 1989, "The History of Rammelsberg Mine", trans. T.A.Morrison, The Mining Journal (has additional brief references to Ebener in the context of Rammelsberg).
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Ebener, Erasmus

  • 17 Gooch, Sir Daniel

    [br]
    b. 24 August 1816 Bedlington, Northumberland, England
    d. 15 October 1889 Clewer Park, Berkshire, England
    [br]
    English engineer, first locomotive superintendent of the Great Western Railway and pioneer of transatlantic electric telegraphy.
    [br]
    Gooch gained experience as a pupil with several successive engineering firms, including Vulcan Foundry and Robert Stephenson \& Co. In 1837 he was engaged by I.K. Brunel, who was then building the Great Western Railway (GWR) to the broad gauge of 7 ft 1/4 in. (2.14 m), to take charge of the railway's locomotive department. He was just 21 years old. The initial locomotive stock comprised several locomotives built to such extreme specifications laid down by Brunel that they were virtually unworkable, and two 2–2–2 locomotives, North Star and Morning Star, which had been built by Robert Stephenson \& Co. but left on the builder's hands. These latter were reliable and were perpetuated. An enlarged version, the "Fire Fly" class, was designed by Gooch and built in quantity: Gooch was an early proponent of standardization. His highly successful 4–2–2 Iron Duke of 1847 became the prototype of GWR express locomotives for the next forty-five years, until the railway's last broad-gauge sections were narrowed. Meanwhile Gooch had been largely responsible for establishing Swindon Works, opened in 1843. In 1862 he designed 2–4–0 condensing tank locomotives to work the first urban underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway in London. Gooch retired in 1864 but was then instrumental in arranging for Brunel's immense steamship Great Eastern to be used to lay the first transatlantic electric telegraph cable: he was on board when the cable was successfully laid in 1866. He had been elected Member of Parliament for Cricklade (which constituency included Swindon) in 1865, and the same year he had accepted an invitation to become Chairman of the Great Western Railway Company, which was in financial difficulties; he rescued it from near bankruptcy and remained Chairman until shortly before his death. The greatest engineering work undertaken during his chairmanship was the boring of the Severn Tunnel.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1866 (on completion of transatlantic telegraph).
    Bibliography
    1972, Sir Daniel Gooch, Memoirs and Diary, ed. R.B.Wilson, with introd. and notes, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    Further Reading
    A.Platt, 1987, The Life and Times of Daniel Gooch, Gloucester: Alan Sutton (puts Gooch's career into context).
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Ian Allan (contains a good short biography).
    J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles, pp. 112–5.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Gooch, Sir Daniel

  • 18 Hetzel, Max

    [br]
    b. 5 March 1921 Basle, Switzerland
    [br]
    Swiss electrical engineer who invented the tuning-fork watch.
    [br]
    Hetzel trained as an electrical engineer at the Federal Polytechnic in Zurich and worked for several years in the field of telecommunications before joining the Bulova Watch Company in 1950. At that time several companies were developing watches with electromagnetically maintained balances, but they represented very little advance on the mechanical watch and the mechanical switching mechanism was unreliable. In 1952 Hetzel started work on a much more radical design which was influenced by a transistorized tuning-fork oscillator that he had developed when he was working on telecommunications. Tuning forks, whose vibrations were maintained electromagnetically, had been used by scientists during the nineteenth century to measure small intervals of time, but Niaudet- Breguet appears to have been the first to use a tuning fork to control a clock. In 1866 he described a mechanically operated tuning-fork clock manufactured by the firm of Breguet, but it was not successful, possibly because the fork did not compensate for changes in temperature. The tuning fork only became a precision instrument during the 1920s, when elinvar forks were maintained in vibration by thermionic valve circuits. Their primary purpose was to act as frequency standards, but they might have been developed into precision clocks had not the quartz clock made its appearance very shortly afterwards. Hetzel's design was effectively a miniaturized version of these precision devices, with a transistor replacing the thermionic valve. The fork vibrated at a frequency of 360 cycles per second, and the hands were driven mechanically from the end of one of the tines. A prototype was working by 1954, and the watch went into production in 1960. It was sold under the tradename Accutron, with a guaranteed accuracy of one minute per month: this was a considerable improvement on the performance of the mechanical watch. However, the events of the 1920s were to repeat themselves, and by the end of the decade the Accutron was eclipsed by the introduction of quartz-crystal watches.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Neuchâtel Observatory Centenary Prize 1958. Swiss Society for Chronometry Gold Medal 1988.
    Bibliography
    "The history of the “Accutron” tuning fork watch", 1969, Swiss Watch \& Jewellery Journal 94:413–5.
    Further Reading
    R.Good, 1960, "The Accutron", Horological Journal 103:346–53 (for a detailed technical description).
    J.D.Weaver, 1982, Electrical \& Electronic Clocks \& Watches, London (provides a technical description of the tuning-fork watch in its historical context).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Hetzel, Max

  • 19 Keller, Friedrich Gottlieb

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 27 June 1818 Hainichen, Saxony, Germany
    d. 8 September 1895 Krippen, Bad Schandau, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of wood-pulp paper.
    [br]
    The son of a master weaver, he originally wished to become an engineer, but while remaining in the parental home he had to follow his father's trade in the textile industry, becoming a master weaver himself in 1839 at Hainichen. He was a good observer and a keen model maker. It was at this stage, in the early 1840s, that he began experimenting with a new material for papermaking. Until then the raw material had been waste rag from the textile industry, but the ever-increasing demands of the mechanical printing presses, especially those producing newspapers, were beginning to outstrip supply. Keller tried using pine wood ground with a wet grindstone. The mass of fibres that resulted was then heated with water to form a thick brew which he then strained through a cloth. By this means Keller obtained a pulp that could be used for papermaking. He constructed a simple grinding machine that could disintegrate the wood without splinters; this was used to make paper in the Altchemnitzer paper mill, and the newspaper Frankenberger Intelligenz-und Wochenblatt was the first to be printed on wood-pulp paper. Keller could not secure state funds to promote his invention, so he approached an expert in papermaking, Heinrich Voelter, Technical Director of the Vereinigten Bautzener Papierfabrik. Voelter put up 700 thaler, and in August 1845 the state of Saxony granted a patent in both their names. In 1848 the first practical machine for grinding wood was produced, but four years later the patent expired. Unfortunately Keller could not afford the renewal fee, and it was Voelter who developed the process of wood-pulp papermaking under his own name, leaving Keller behind. Without this invention, the output of paper from the mills could not have kept pace with the demands of the printing industry, and the mass readership that these technological developments made possible could not have been served. It is no fault of Keller's that wood-pulp paper contains within itself the seeds of its own deterioration and ultimate destruction, presenting librarians of today with an intractable problem of preservation. Keller's part in this technical breakthrough is established in his "ideas" notebook covering the years 1841 and 1842, preserved in the museum at Hainichen.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Neue deutsche Biographie. VDI Zeitschrift, Vol. 39, p. 1,238.
    "EineErfindungvon Weltruf", 1969, VDI Nachrichten. Vol. 29, p. 18.
    Clapperton, History ofPapermaking Through the Ages (provides details of the development of wood-pulp papermaking in its historical context).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Keller, Friedrich Gottlieb

  • 20 Meikle, Andrew

    [br]
    b. 1719 Scotland
    d. 27 November 1811
    [br]
    Scottish millwright and inventor of the threshing machine.
    [br]
    The son of the millwright James Meikle, who is credited with the introduction of the winnowing machine into Britain, Andrew Meikle followed in his father's footsteps. His inventive inclinations were first turned to developing his father's idea, and together with his own son George he built and patented a double-fan winnowing machine.
    However, in the history of agricultural development Andrew Meikle is most famous for his invention of the threshing machine, patented in 1784. He had been presented with a model of a threshing mill designed by a Mr Ilderton of Northumberland, but after failing to make a full-scale machine work, he developed the concept further. He eventually built the first working threshing machine for a farmer called Stein at Kilbagio. The patent revolutionized farming practice because it displaced the back-breaking and soul-destroying labour of flailing the grain from the straw. The invention was of great value in Scotland and in northern England when the land was becoming underpopulated as a result of heavy industrialization, but it was bitterly opposed in the south of England until well into the nineteenth century. Although the introduction of the threshing machine led to the "Captain Swing" riots of the 1830s, in opposition to it, it shortly became universal.
    Meikle's provisional patent in 1785 was a natural progression of earlier attempts by other millwrights to produce such a machine. The published patent is based on power provided by a horse engine, but these threshing machines were often driven by water-wheels or even by windmills. The corn stalks were introduced into the machine where they were fed between cast-iron rollers moving quite fast against each other to beat the grain out of the ears. The power source, whether animal, water or wind, had to cause the rollers to rotate at high speed to knock the grain out of the ears. While Meikle's machine was at first designed as a fixed barn machine powered by a water-wheel or by a horse wheel, later threshing machines became mobile and were part of the rig of an agricultural contractor.
    In 1788 Meikle was awarded a patent for the invention of shuttered sails for windmills. This patent is part of the general description of the threshing machine, and whilst it was a practical application, it was superseded by the work of Thomas Cubitt.
    At the turn of the century Meikle became a manufacturer of threshing machines, building appliances that combined the threshing and winnowing principles as well as the reciprocating "straw walkers" found in subsequent threshing machines and in conventional combine harvesters to the present day. However, he made little financial gain from his invention, and a public subscription organized by the President of the Board of Agriculture, Sir John Sinclair, raised £1,500 to support him towards the end of his life.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1831, Threshing Machines in The Dictionary of Mechanical Sciences, Arts and Manufactures, London: Jamieson, Alexander.
    7 March 1768, British patent no. 896, "Machine for dressing wheat, malt and other grain and for cleaning them from sand, dust and smut".
    9 April 1788, British patent no. 1,645, "Machine which may be worked by cattle, wind, water or other power for the purpose of separating corn from the straw".
    Further Reading
    J.E.Handley, 1953, Scottish Farming in the 18th Century, and 1963, The Agricultural Revolution in Scotland (both place Meikle and his invention within their context).
    G.Quick and W.Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (gives an account of the early development of harvesting and cereal treatment machinery).
    KM / AP

    Biographical history of technology > Meikle, Andrew

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